Units and measurement, dimensional analysis; Kinematics in 1D and 2D, projectile motion, relative velocity; Newton’s laws, friction, circular motion dynamics; Work, kinetic and potential energy, power, elastic and inelastic collisions; Moment of inertia, torque, angular momentum, rolling motion; Kepler’s laws, gravitational potential, satellite orbits, escape velocity; Stress-strain, Hooke’s law, Bernoulli’s theorem, viscosity, surface tension; Simple harmonic motion, damped and forced oscillations; Transverse and longitudinal waves, superposition, Doppler effect, resonance in pipes and strings.

Coulomb’s law, electric field and flux, Gauss’s law, electric potential and potential energy, capacitors and dielectrics; Ohm’s law, Kirchhoff’s laws, Wheatstone bridge, potentiometer, meter bridge; Biot-Savart law, Ampere’s law, force on a current-carrying conductor, magnetic dipole; Faraday’s law, Lenz’s law, self and mutual inductance, eddy currents; RLC circuits, resonance frequency, power factor, transformer principle.

Reflection at plane and curved mirrors (mirror formula, magnification); Snell’s law, total internal reflection, refraction at spherical surfaces, lens formula, lens maker’s equation, lenses in contact; Prism (deviation and dispersion), optical instruments (simple microscope, compound microscope, telescope); Huygens’ principle, Young’s double-slit experiment (fringe width, path difference); Single-slit diffraction, polarisation by reflection (Brewster’s law), Malus’s law.

Photoelectric effect (Einstein’s equation, threshold frequency, stopping potential); de Broglie wavelength, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle; Bohr model of hydrogen atom, spectral series (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen), X-ray emission; Radioactivity (alpha, beta, gamma), half-life, decay law, nuclear fission and fusion, binding energy per nucleon; p-n junction diode, rectification (half-wave and full-wave), Zener diode as voltage regulator; Bipolar junction transistor (CE configuration, characteristics, amplifier action); Logic gates AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and basic Boolean expressions.

Ideal and real gases, kinetic theory of gases, van der Waals equation; Bohr model, quantum numbers, orbital shapes (s, p, d), electronic configuration, Aufbau principle, Hund’s rule, Pauli exclusion; Ionic and covalent bonding, VSEPR theory, hybridisation, molecular orbital theory (bonding/antibonding), resonance structures; Laws of thermodynamics, enthalpy of reactions, Hess’s law, entropy, Gibbs free energy, criteria for spontaneity; Le Chatelier’s principle, equilibrium constants (Kp, Kc), ionic equilibria, pH, buffer solutions, common ion effect, solubility product; Galvanic and electrolytic cells, standard electrode potentials, EMF, Nernst equation, Faraday’s laws of electrolysis, conductance and molar conductivity; Rate laws, order and molecularity of reactions, rate constant, Arrhenius equation, activation energy, catalysis; Types of adsorption, colloids, emulsions, Tyndall effect, coagulation, types of catalysis.

Preparation, properties, and uses of hydrogen; hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) — structure, properties; Alkali and alkaline earth metals — properties, anomalous behaviour of Li and Be, important compounds; Groups 13–18 — preparation, properties, and important compounds (ammonia, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, halogens, noble gas compounds); Transition metal properties — variable oxidation states, colour, magnetic properties, catalytic behaviour; d-Block complexes — IUPAC nomenclature, Werner’s theory, VBT, crystal field theory (CFT); Ore concentration methods, extraction and refining of common metals; Air, water, and soil pollution — causes, effects, control measures and green chemistry.

IUPAC nomenclature, types of isomerism (structural, stereoisomerism), electronic effects (inductive, resonance, hyperconjugation), reaction intermediates (carbocations, carbanions, free radicals, carbenes); Alkanes (preparation, free radical halogenation), alkenes (Markovnikov addition, anti-Markovnikov addition), alkynes; Aromatic hydrocarbons — electrophilic aromatic substitution, directing effects; Nucleophilic substitution (SN1 and SN2) and elimination (E1 and E2) in haloalkanes; Alcohols (preparation and reactions), phenols (acidity, electrophilic substitution), ethers; Nucleophilic addition in aldehydes and ketones, aldol condensation; Carboxylic acids — acidity, esterification, reduction, acid derivatives; Amines — basicity, preparation, diazotisation and coupling; Amino acids and peptide bond formation; Reducing and non-reducing sugars, structures of glucose and fructose, glycosidic bond; Proteins, enzymes, nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) — brief structural features; Addition polymers (PVC, polythene, rubber), condensation polymers (nylon-6,6, Bakelite, terylene); Qualitative analysis (identification of functional groups), separation techniques, volumetric and gravimetric analysis basics.

Complex number operations, Argand plane, polar and exponential form, De Moivre’s theorem, nth roots of unity; Nature of roots of quadratic equations, sum and product of roots, quadratic inequalities; Arithmetic, geometric, and harmonic progressions — summation formulas, infinite GP; Factorials, nCr formula, circular arrangements, distribution problems; General term and middle term of binomial expansion, properties of binomial coefficients; Matrix operations (addition, multiplication, transpose), determinant (up to 3×3), Cramer’s rule, finding matrix inverse; Sets (union, intersection, complement, Venn diagrams), types of relations, domain and range of standard functions, composition and inverse of functions.

Trigonometric ratios, fundamental identities, compound angles, multiple and sub-multiple angle formulas, half-angle formulas; General solutions of trigonometric equations (sinx = k, cosx = k, tanx = k type and combined); Domain, range, and principal values of sin⁻¹, cos⁻¹, tan⁻¹ and their properties; Sine rule, cosine rule, projection formula, area of triangle, circumradius and inradius formulas.

Distance formula, section formula (internal and external), area of triangle, locus; Various forms of straight line (slope-intercept, intercept, normal, parametric), angle between two lines, distance from a point to a line, family of lines; Standard circle equation (general and centre-radius form), chord of contact, equation of tangent and normal, radical axis, family of circles; Standard parabola y²=4ax — vertex, focus, directrix, latus rectum, tangent and normal conditions; Standard ellipse and hyperbola — eccentricity, foci, directrix, conjugate hyperbola, asymptotes, tangent conditions.

Domain and range of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, logarithmic, and exponential functions; Limits using standard results, indeterminate forms, L’Hôpital’s rule; Continuity and differentiability at a point and on an interval; Derivatives using chain rule, product rule, quotient rule; Parametric and implicit differentiation, logarithmic differentiation; Rolle’s theorem and Mean Value Theorem (statements and applications); Equations of tangent and normal to a curve; Increasing and decreasing functions; Maxima and minima using first and second derivative tests; Approximate values using differentials.

Standard integral formulas; Integration by substitution, by parts (ILATE), by partial fractions; Properties of definite integrals and their evaluation; Area bounded by curves and coordinate axes; First-order first-degree ODEs — variable separable, homogeneous equations, linear equations solved by integrating factor method.

Mean, median, mode (ungrouped and grouped data); Mean deviation, variance, standard deviation; Random experiments, sample space, events (mutually exclusive, exhaustive, complementary); Axiomatic definition of probability, addition theorem, multiplication theorem; Conditional probability; Bayes’ theorem and its applications; Bernoulli trials, binomial distribution — mean and variance; Basic correlation coefficient and linear regression concept.